{
  safe: (val) => (val != null ? '' + val : ''),
  format_record: (type, id) => type + ' (id: ' + id + ')',
  format_created: (type, id) => 'Created ' + type + ' record (id: ' + id + ')',
  format_updated: (type, id) => 'Updated ' + type + ' record (id: ' + id + ')',
  format_deleted: (type, id) => 'Deleted ' + type + ' record (id: ' + id + ')'
}
